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Redundancy is the idea of unnecessary repetition in how something is done or communicated. It means repeating the same information or performing the same step more than once without adding any new value, which wastes time and resources. For example, sending the same instruction in several emails or having a workflow require a task to be done twice are redundant because one clear version or a single pass would suffice. Duplication is similar, but redundancy is the broader term for any extra repetition that isn’t needed, while the other options describe different problems beyond just repeating things.